Most of us are familiar with calluses.
对于“老茧”，我们都很熟悉aM1i.t,mEw9%wLJ。
These extra-tough patches of skin are generally quite useful-wemight even say handy-because they act like a kind of natural armor, protecting areas of skin thatget an unusual amount of wear and tear.
这些皮肤上突出的硬皮是很有用的，也可以说是方便，因为他们扮演着保护常磨损皮肤的天然盔甲的角色QH*#bbSp]G|*)。
Have you ever wondered exactly what a callus is, or howit forms on your skin?
你是否思考过什么是老茧？他又是怎样形成的？
Callus formation is triggered by pressure or abrasion.
老茧是由压力和摩擦而形成,sOGM_teO&o#F#。

The heel of your foot as it rubs inside yourshoe, or the palm of your hand if you're doing a lot of manual labor are good examples of this.
脚后跟的茧是由其在鞋里摩擦而形成，正如手茧是在大量的劳动过程中形成)9NqL^*P^|8w)BPW_-SB。
While it might feel like a callus is something extra, added to your skin, it's actually just a build-up ofwhat's already there.
尽管看起来似乎是皮肤上多出的部分，然而事实是已经存在的皮肤角质的累积c)cY*ax)9FGY6j。
Your skin has a number of layers of different types of cells.
皮肤是由若干层不同类型的皮肤构成,p~EHNCf2yCcp。
The outermost is a layer of hardened, dead cells.
表层是一些坏死的硬细胞，
This top layer is usually about twenty-five cellsthick, and it constantly replaces itself as the outermost cells flake off to be replaced by new hardened, dead cells underneath.
通常有25个细胞那么厚，表层细胞不断的脱落，取而代之的是下层硬的坏死细胞，由此而完成自我更替过程#!drBUv]Wtkl4-_GiWu。
If your skin is subject to an unusual amount of friction, this layer of dead cells increases.
假如皮肤受到不寻常量的摩擦，这层坏死细胞将会增加，
New deadcells are added faster than the old ones slough away.
新的坏死细胞增长速度比旧细胞脱落的速度快，
This can build up the outer layer fromtwenty-five cells thick to over a hundred cells thick.
这就致使皮肤表层的厚度增加到100个细胞那么厚，
You've grown a callus.
由此，老茧便形成XvQ@cx(y[()lw&efY。
While calluses are generally useful, if the process continues unchecked a callus can thicken into acone-shaped structure called a corn.
虽然一般来讲，茧是有益的，但如不控制其过程，老茧厚度就会增加到被称作鸡眼的锥形结构，
These super calluses can be quite painful, and may require the attention of a doctor.
那样就会很疼，甚至需要去看医生E]z*8!sWbA(;+KYJHKbq。