(单词翻译:单击)
In 1814, Meux's Horse Shoe Brewery was the victim of some very bad luck.
1814年，梅克斯马鞋啤酒厂运气很差。
Or maybe just poor engineering.
或者可能只是工程技术缺陷的受害者。
At the time, massive storage vats were en vogue in London's breweries, and when one of these large vats burst at The Horse Shoe Brewery, it led to over a hundred thousand gallons of beer flooding the surrounding area.
当时，伦敦酿酒厂流行使用巨大的储罐，梅克斯马鞋啤酒厂的一个巨大储罐破裂后，超过10万加仑的啤酒淹没了周边地区。
The surge led to the collapse of two nearby buildings and the loss of eight lives.
倾泻的啤酒导致附近两栋建筑倒塌，8人丧生。
Over the years, rumors even popped up that unconscientious ale-lovers had flocked to the scene of the accident to consume the runaway beverage.
多年来，甚至有传言称，不负责任的啤酒爱好者蜂拥至事故现场饮用这些失控的饮料。
Yikes.
哎呀。
Contemporary accounts suggest there's not much substance to those rumors, but it's easy enough to see why people would believe them.
当代的解释认为，这些谣言没有太多的证据证实，人们相信这些传言的原因很简单。
People really like beer.
因为人们真的很喜欢啤酒。
Behind water and tea, it's thought to be the third most widely consumed drink on Earth.
啤酒被认为是地球上除水和茶之外消费最多的饮料。
It helped shape civilization as we know it, and I'm not just talking about those commercials where the guys say "whassup?"
它塑造了我们所知的文明，我说的不仅仅是一群家伙们在那里说“whassup？”的广告。
No I didn't want to say it that way, it's embarrassing.
不，我不会用那种语调说的，太尴尬了。
I HAVE to?
必须要这样吗？
Whassssupppp.
Whassssupppp。
Perhaps it shouldn't be surprising that the story of the world's most-widely consumed intoxicating beverage is shrouded in legend and half-truths.
啤酒是世界上消费最多的令人陶醉的饮料，它的故事被半真半假的传说所笼罩，这是意料之中的事情。
Was beer brewed to make water potable?
酿造啤酒是为了让水变得可饮用吗？
When did hops enter the picture?
啤酒花是什么时候进入人类视野的？
And what do the Budweiser Frogs have in common with Captain Jack Sparrow?
百威青蛙和杰克·斯帕罗船长有什么共同之处？
The short answers, respectively, are "no," "the 9th century, at the latest," and "Gore Verbinski."
简短地回答一下就是：“不是”、“最晚9世纪”和“戈尔·维宾斯基”。
But the long version is more fun.
但详细的回答更加有趣。
Let's get started.
让我们开始吧。
Hi, I'm Justin Dodd.
嗨，我是贾斯汀·多德。
Welcome to Food History.
欢迎来到食物的历史。
As we talked about in our last episode, Ancient Sumerians were cultivating grains thousands of years ago.
正如我们在上一集中所谈到的，古代苏美尔人几千年前就在种植谷物。
But we didn't actually get into what those possibly-first sedentary people were doing with the grains they grew, and there's actually some debate on the matter.
但我们并没有深入说明那些可能是世界上最早定居者的人用他们种植的谷物做什么，而且这个问题的答案存在一些争议。
According to one theory, the grains were used to make beer before bread ever entered the picture.
有一种理论称，在面包出现之前，这些谷物就已经被用来酿造啤酒了。
The discovery of ancient tools potentially designed for beer brewing supports this.
研究人员发现的一种可能在古代用于酿造啤酒的工具为这种观点提供了依据。
That would mean beer was part of the origin of agriculture, which is arguably what allowed humans to build civilizations, which led to the development of new technologies, which made it possible to brew even more beer.
这意味着啤酒是农业起源的一部分，而农业是人类建立文明的基础，文明的发展导致新技术的进步，人类可以因此酿造更多的啤酒。
Oh, man, this is some Inception level history stuff.
哦老兄，这是一些盗梦空间级别的历史资料。
In 2018, archaeologists from Stanford announced they had evidence that people in what is now Israel were brewing something like beer around 12,000 years ago, which they noted predates "the appearance of domesticated cereals by several millennia in the Near East."
2018年，来自斯坦福大学的考古学家宣布，他们有证据表明，在大约12000年前，人们已经在现在的以色列地区酿造出了类似啤酒的东西，他们指出，这种啤酒比“近东地区出现栽培谷物的时间早了几千年。”
The archaeologists speculated that it was likely a thin gruel possibly consumed for religious purposes.
考古学家推测，当时人们酿造得到的产物很可能是一种在宗教活动中食用的稀粥。
Beer, by the way, is any fermented, alcoholic beverage made with cereal grains such as wheat or barley.
顺便说一句，啤酒是用小麦或大麦等谷类谷物发酵制成的酒精饮料。
There was a time when beer and ale were considered two different beverages, with beer defined by the presence of hops, but we're gonna proceed with more modern usage, where the two words are basically interchangeable.
曾经有一段时间，人们认为啤酒和麦芽酒是两种不同的饮料，啤酒必须是用啤酒花酿造的，但我们会采用现代的定义，也就是说这两个词基本上是可以互换的。
We'll get to hops pretty soon, though.
不过，我们很快就会讲到啤酒花。
By which I mean, in about 11,000 years.
我的意思是，大约11000年后。
Early beer was likely made by crushing up grains, heating them gradually in water, then possibly baking them, and steeping them again.
早期啤酒的制作流程大约是碾碎谷物，在水中逐渐加热谷物，烘焙它们，然后再次浸泡。
This process encourages fermentation.
这一过程促成了发酵。
Grains contain starches, and heating up grains helps break these starches down into their simple sugar components.
谷物含有淀粉，加热谷物能够将这些淀粉分解成简单的糖。
Fermentation happens when yeast microbes consume these sugars and convert them into alcohol, flavor compounds, and carbon dioxide.
酵母微生物消耗这些糖，并将其转化为酒精、风味物质和二氧化碳的过程，就是发酵。
It's sometimes said that Louis Pasteur discovered yeast in the mid-1800s, but that's a little misleading.
有人说是路易·巴斯德在19世纪中期发现了酵母，但这是有点误导性的。
Sure, single-celled organisms like yeast are invisible to the naked eye, but when millions or billions congregate in the beer-making process they can be seen and manipulated.
当然，像酵母这样的单细胞生物体肉眼并不可见，但在啤酒酿造过程中，数百万或数十亿酵母聚集在一起时，它们就可以被看到并控制。
