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Scientists: 2019 Ocean Water Temperatures Were Hottest Ever
Scientists reported this week that the world's oceans were warmer in 2019 than they had ever been before.
The report comes at a time when studies have linked rising ocean water temperatures to manmade pollution. Researchers say the rate of warming is speeding up and may cause a planet-wide disaster.
The oceans take in more than 90 percent of the extra heat created by carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions. Greenhouse gases are a product of pollution from factories, driving motor vehicles and other human activities.
Scientists are able to measure the rate of global warming when they compare current ocean water temperatures with those measured over the past few years.
For a better understanding of ocean warmth, scientists from around the world studied records shared by China's Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP). They found that the latest water temperature was 0.075 degrees Celsius higher than the average temperature from 1981 to 2010. Their findings were published in the scientific journal Advances in Atmospheric Sciences.
Effects of warmer oceans
The scientists pointed to the many extreme weather events of 2019 as one effect of warmer oceans. They added that warmer water also endangers some sea creatures and causes higher sea levels.
Lijing Cheng is with the International Center for Climate and Environmental Sciences at the IAP. He also was the lead author of a paper on the study. He says the heat the oceans have taken in to make the temperature change amounts to 228 Zetta Joules (228 billion trillion Joules) of energy.
"That's a lot of zeros indeed," he said. "To make it easier to understand, I did a calculation... The amount of heat we have put into the world's oceans in the past 25 years equals to 3.6 billion Hiroshima atom-bomb explosions."
One hundred hair dryers per person
Michael Mann is director of the Earth System Sciences Center at Penn State University in the United States. He says the energy that caused the warming is equal to "everyone on the planet running a hundred hairdryers or a hundred microwaves continuously for the entire year." He spoke to the French news agency AFP.
The past five years are the five hottest years for the ocean since scientists began keeping records, the study found.
John Abraham is a co-author of the paper. He said it is important to "understand how fast things are changing. The key to answering this question is in the oceans — that's where the vast majority of heat ends up. If you want to understand global warming, you have to measure ocean warming."
Abraham is a professor of mechanical engineering at the University of St. Thomas in Minnesota.
Target limit to global warming
In 2015, world leaders signed the Paris Agreement as part of efforts to limit climate change. The agreement took effect the following year. It aims to limit global temperature increases to "well below" 2 degrees Celsius, and to 1.5 degrees Celsius if at all possible.
There has been about 1 degree Celsius of warming since the start of the Industrial Revolution 200 years ago. Yet the result of rising water temperatures is not evenly spread in the world's oceans. The report says that warmer temperatures are partly to blame for heavy rainfall in Indonesia and the drying of Australia, leading to wildfires in Australia and the Amazon.
Hope remains
Mann explained that there is still hope for the climate to recover from this temperature increase. "If we stop warming the planet, heat will continue to diffuse down into the deep ocean for centuries until eventually stabilizing."
I'm Jill Robbins.
重点解析
重点讲解：
1. speed up (使)(某一过程或活动)加快；
Increasing gravity is known to speed up the multiplication of cells.
我们知道不断增加的引力会加速细胞的分裂。
2. take in (人、动物或植物)摄入，吸收；
They will certainly need to take in plenty of liquid.
它们当然需要吸收大量液体。
3. amount to 等同；接近；
The work done in the first eight months amounts to ninety percent of the year's quota.
头八个月完成的工程量累积起来，已达到全年任务的百分之九十。
4. recover from （从弱势或困境中）好转，扭转，恢复；
Italy and Spain have yet to recover from the worldwide recession.
意大利和西班牙还没有从全球经济衰退中复苏。
参考译文
科学家称2019年成为有记录以来海洋温度最高的一年
科学家本周报告称，2019年全球海洋温度比以往任何时候都要高。
这份报告发布时，有研究将不断升高的海水温度与人为污染联系起来。研究人员表示，升温速度正在加快，这可能导致全球性灾难。
海洋吸收了二氧化碳和其他温室气体排放所产生的90%以上的额外热量。温室气体是工厂、驾驶机动车辆和其他人类活动所造成污染的产物。
科学家能测量全球变暖的速度，方法是将当前海水温度与过去几年测量的温度进行比较。
为了更好地了解海洋温度，世界各地的科学家研究了中国大气物理研究所（简称IAP）共享的记录。他们发现，最新的海水温度比1981年至2010年的平均温度高出0.075摄氏度。他们的研究结果发表在科学期刊《大气科学进展》上。
海洋变暖的影响
科学家指出，2019年的许多极端天气事件是海洋变暖的影响之一。他们还表示，水温升高也会危害部分海洋生物并导致海平面升高。
成里京就职于中国大气物理研究所国际气候与环境科学中心。他也是这篇研究论文的首席作者之一。他表示，海洋所吸收致温度变化的热量相当于228乘以10的21次方焦耳（2280万亿焦耳）的能量。
他说：“确实有很多零。为了便于理解，我做了计算……过去25年，我们向海洋排放的热量相当于36亿枚广岛原子弹爆炸。”
每人100个吹风机
迈克尔·曼恩是美国宾夕法尼亚州立大学地球系统科学中心的主任。他说，导致变暖的能量相当于“地球上每个人一整年不停地使用100个吹风机或100个微波炉。”这是他在接受法新社采访时所说。
研究发现，过去五年是科学家开始记录以来海洋温度最高的五年。
约翰·亚伯拉罕是这篇论文的合著者。他说，重要的是“了解事情的变化速度有多快。回答这一问题的关键在海洋中——海洋是绝大部分热量的终点。如果你想了解全球变暖，就必须测量海洋变暖。”
亚伯拉罕是明尼苏达州圣托马斯大学的机械工程教授。
限制全球变暖的目标
2015年，世界各国领导人签署了《巴黎协定》，这是限制气候变化的部分举措。这项协定在第二年生效。其目标是将全球气温上升控制在“远低于”2摄氏度，尽量控制在1.5摄氏度以内。
自200年前工业革命开始以来，全球变暖的幅度约为1摄氏度。然而，海水温度上升的结果并不是平均分布在全球海洋中。报告指出，印度尼西亚的暴雨和澳大利亚的干旱是导致温度升高的部分原因，而气温升高又引发了澳大利亚和亚马逊的山火。
希望仍存
曼恩解释说，气候仍有望从气温升高中恢复过来。“如果我们停止让地球变暖，热量将继续向深海扩散几个世纪，直到最终稳定下来。”
吉尔·罗宾斯报道。
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