霍金“黑洞悖论”谜题真的解开了吗?(上)
日期:2022-09-07 11:30

(单词翻译:单击)

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听力文本

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This is 60-Second Science. I'm Tulika Bose.

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这里是科学美国人——60秒科学系列,我是图利卡·博斯L]pQP(0*YM1

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You probably already know what a black hole is, but have you ever heard of the black hole information paradox?

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你可能已经了解了黑洞的概念,但你听说过黑洞信息悖论吗?

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I'm here with Clara Moskowitz, our space and physics editor who just edited a big, special issue for Scientific American on black holes.

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现在和我在一起的是克拉拉·莫斯科维茨,她是我们的空间和物理编辑,她刚刚为《科学美国人》编辑了关于黑洞的一期特刊|E,4&R|gF;smSB4_c

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Hey, Clara.

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嗨, 克拉拉7Yuvv1jF*,8*R5s

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Hi, thanks for having me.

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嗨,谢谢你们邀请我9en6v@3X6Vf0NsMU

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So, Clara, what are we here to talk about today?

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克拉拉,我们今天要谈什么?

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We're here to talk about the black hole information paradox, which has been a problem in physics for a long time.

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我们今天要讨论的是黑洞信息悖论,这个问题在物理学中已经存在很长时间了;6C;p;^n6S

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Basically black holes seem to break the rules of physics.

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基本上,黑洞似乎打破了物理学的规则a2Kig*oMQqpV3F%P*xp=

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And part of the reason why is because we have to use two different theories to describe them.

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部分原因是我们必须用两种不同的理论来描述它们vxrVvc,B^+M*E%

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And the two theories do not get along.

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这两种理论互相打架s0P,z=UCBF

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On the one hand, we have quantum mechanics, which describes the world of the very small atoms and particles.

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一方面,我们有量子力学,这一理论描述了由微小原子和粒子组成的世界p_xkn#SOE5!

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On the other hand, we have general relativity, which describes things that are very big, very massive, very large, and most things in the world don't require both theories.

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另一方面,我们有广义相对论,这一理论描述的是大尺寸,大质量,大规模的事物,世界上大多数事情都不需要同时满足这两种理论GNx9A]+Ej3aiC7+

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They're either big or they're small.

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这些事物要么大,要么小Hy3*rz8Oi~jX%2grPNz7

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Black holes are both.

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黑洞却两者兼有sKYuV;&![~pp@cQ

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Black holes are the densest things in the entire universe.

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黑洞是整个宇宙中密度最大的物质jlB1Fe^Hvcc.

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And they take up very little space, but they have so much mass.

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黑洞占据的空间很小,但质量却很大jE+#ioFfam6]LvUX

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You really need both theories.

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需要两种理论来解释+;nu;#J#r=

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And yet when you try to combine quantum mechanics and general relativity, everything goes crazy.

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然而,当你试图把量子力学和广义相对论结合起来时,一切都变得疯狂起来E-GXyAHRY3&)o_![nBNp

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How can two rules of physics not apply?

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两条物理定律怎么可能不适用呢?

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Each one works perfectly in its own realm.

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每一个理论都在自己的领域里完美地运作LNZJxpsYknif%=

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So quantum mechanics does very well describing everything that's, that's subatomic, everything that we can't see, that's very small.

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量子力学可以很好地描述所有亚原子的东西,所有我们看不到的,非常小的东西kCk.E8(#.PTn8nNC

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And general relativity works perfectly to describe very big things like the motions of planets.

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而广义相对论可以完美地描述非常巨大的东西,比如行星的运动gixNH~r@4K,*FL9,&9C

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But we almost never have to combine them in one example, except for black holes.

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但我们几乎不需要把这两种理论结合到一个例子中,除了黑洞|l+M=hTi%c82uFO_l|Vp

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Black holes take up very little space, but they have so much mass that general relativity and quantum mechanics equally apply.

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黑洞占据的空间很小,但它们的质量很大,因此广义相对论和量子力学同样适用黑洞Td3ll18uD2qZ=+U

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And yet when you try to combine the two theories, they don't work together.

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然而,当你试图将这两种理论结合起来时,它们并不能一起运作N+;Z1,aGN3!

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How exactly do they not work together?

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这两种理论怎么不能一起运作呢?

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Basically, when you try to combine them, the equations break, they give infinities, they just don't produce answers or calculations that you can use that you can work with.

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基本上,当试着把它们结合起来时,方程会断裂,会给出无穷大的数,不会产生你可以使用的答案或计算结果X88wkaRGaZ[O!htX

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And it's a sign that something is missing.

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这是一种遗漏了什么东西的迹象5[Y,(D.*NFA

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We don't fully understand something.

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有些事情我们还没有完全理解n2uu9~Piybte3,|js

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And the thing that we don't fully understand is gravity.

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我们还不完全了解的是引力uwK9vyLulf)W&dYgH

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