II. Historic Achievements in Energy Development

二、能源发展取得历史性成就

China is committed to driving an energy revolution. As a result, major changes have taken place in the production and use of energy and historic achievements have been realized in energy development. Energy production and consumption are being optimized, energy efficiency has increased significantly, and energy use has become more convenient for both work and life. China's capacity to ensure energy security has been strengthened. All this provides important support to quality economic development, victory in the battle against poverty, and building a moderately prosperous society in all respects.

中国坚定不移推进能源革命，能源生产和利用方式发生重大变革，能源发展取得历史性成就。能源生产和消费结构不断优化，能源利用效率显著提高，生产生活用能条件明显改善，能源安全保障能力持续增强，为服务经济高质量发展、打赢脱贫攻坚战和全面建成小康社会提供了重要支撑。

1. Growing Capacity to Ensure Energy Supply

（一）能源供应保障能力不断增强

A diversified energy production infrastructure consisting of coal, oil, natural gas, electricity, nuclear energy, new energy and renewable energy is in place. Preliminary calculations show that China's primary energy production in 2019 reached 3.97 billion tons of standard coal, making it the world's largest energy producer.

基本形成了煤、油、气、电、核、新能源和可再生能源多轮驱动的能源生产体系。初步核算，2019年中国一次能源生产总量达39.7亿吨标准煤，为世界能源生产第一大国。

Coal remains the basic energy source. Since 2012, the annual production of raw coal has ranged between 3.41 and 3.97 billion tons. Crude oil production remains stable. Since 2012, the annual production of crude oil has ranged between 190 and 210 million tons. The production of natural gas has increased notably, from 110.6 billion cu m in 2012 to 176.2 billion cubic meters in 2019. China's electricity supply capacity has risen to a cumulative installed capacity of 2.01 billion kW in 2019, up 75 percent since 2012, and an electricity output of 7.5 trillion kWh, up 50 percent. Renewable energy resources have expanded rapidly, with cumulative installed capacities of hydropower, wind power, and solar photovoltaic (PV) power each ranking top in the world. As of the end of 2019, the total installed capacity of nuclear power plants under construction and in operation reached 65.93 million kW, the second largest in the world. The installed capacity of nuclear power plants under construction ranked first.

煤炭仍是保障能源供应的基础能源，2012年以来原煤年产量保持在34.1亿－39.7亿吨。努力保持原油生产稳定，2012年以来原油年产量保持在1.9亿－2.1亿吨。天然气产量明显提升，从2012年的1106亿立方米增长到2019年的1762亿立方米。电力供应能力持续增强，累计发电装机容量20.1亿千瓦，2019年发电量7.5万亿千瓦时，较2012年分别增长75%、50%。可再生能源开发利用规模快速扩大，水电、风电、光伏发电累计装机容量均居世界首位。截至2019年底，在运在建核电装机容量6593万千瓦，居世界第二，在建核电装机容量世界第一。

Energy transport capacity has risen remarkably. China has built natural gas trunk lines measuring over 87,000 km, oil trunk lines totaling 55,000 km, and 302,000 km of electricity transmission lines of 330 kv or more.

能源输送能力显著提高。建成天然气主干管道超过8.7万公里、石油主干管道5.5万公里、330千伏及以上输电线路长度30.2万公里。

The energy reserve system has been steadily improved. China has built nine national oil reserve bases; it has achieved preliminary results in building a natural gas production, supply, reserve and sale system; the coordinated guarantee system for coal production and transport is sound; the country has become a global leader in operating a secure and stable power grid; and its capacity in comprehensive energy emergency response has been strengthened significantly.

能源储备体系不断健全。建成9个国家石油储备基地，天然气产供储销体系建设取得初步成效，煤炭生产运输协同保障体系逐步完善，电力安全稳定运行达到世界先进水平，能源综合应急保障能力显著增强。

2. Remarkable Achievements in Optimizing Energy Conservation and Consumption

（二）能源节约和消费结构优化成效显著

Significant improvement has been made in energy efficiency. Since 2012, energy consumption per unit of GDP has been reduced by 24.4 percent, equivalent to 1.27 billion tons of standard coal. From 2012 to 2019, China saw an average annual growth of 7 percent in the economy, while annual energy consumption rose by only 2.8 percent.

能源利用效率显著提高。2012年以来单位国内生产总值能耗累计降低24.4%，相当于减少能源消费12.7亿吨标准煤。2012年至2019年，以能源消费年均2.8%的增长支撑了国民经济年均7%的增长。

The shift towards clean and low-carbon energy consumption is accelerating. Preliminary calculations show that in 2019, coal consumption accounted for 57.7 percent of total energy consumption, a decrease of 10.8 percentage points from 2012; the consumption of clean energy (natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power) accounted for 23.4 percent of total energy consumption, an increase of 8.9 percentage points over 2012. Non-fossil energy accounted for 15.3 percent of total energy consumption, up 5.6 percentage points against 2012. With this China has reached the target of raising the share of non-fossil energy to 15 percent in total energy consumption by 2020. The number of new energy vehicles is rising rapidly. In 2019 the total number of new energy vehicles reached 3.8 million, with 1.2 million new energy vehicles going on road that year. Both of these figures represent more than half of the global totals. As of the end of 2019, there were 1.2 million electric-vehicle charging stations nationwide, constituting the largest charging network in the world, and effectively improving energy efficiency and optimizing energy consumption in the transport sector.

能源消费结构向清洁低碳加快转变。初步核算，2019年煤炭消费占能源消费总量比重为57.7%，比2012年降低10.8个百分点；天然气、水电、核电、风电等清洁能源消费量占能源消费总量比重为23.4%，比2012年提高8.9个百分点；非化石能源占能源消费总量比重达15.3%，比2012年提高5.6个百分点，已提前完成到2020年非化石能源消费比重达到15%左右的目标。新能源汽车快速发展，2019年新增量和保有量分别达120万辆和380万辆，均占全球总量一半以上；截至2019年底，全国电动汽车充电基础设施达120万处，建成世界最大规模充电网络，有效促进了交通领域能效提高和能源消费结构优化。

3. Rapid Improvements in Energy Technology

（三）能源科技水平快速提升

China continues to pursue technological innovation in the energy sector. Its energy technologies are continuously improving, and technological progress has become a basic driver for the transformation of the energy industry. There are complete industrial chains for the manufacturing of clean energy equipment for hydropower, nuclear power, wind power, and solar power. China has successfully developed and manufactured the world's largest single-unit hydropower generators, with a capacity of 1 million kW; it is able to manufacture a full range of wind turbines with a maximum single-unit capacity of 10 mw; and it continues to establish new world bests in the conversion efficiency of solar PV cells. China has built a number of nuclear power plants using advanced third-generation technologies, and made significant breakthroughs in a number of nuclear energy technologies such as new-generation nuclear power generation and small modular reactors. Its technological capabilities in oil and gas exploration and development keep improving. It leads the world in technologies such as the high-efficiency development of low-permeability crude oil and heavy oil, and a new generation of compound chemical flooding. The technology and equipment for shale oil and gas exploration and development have greatly improved, and successful natural gas hydrate production tests have been completed. China is developing green, efficient and intelligent coal mining technology. It has achieved mechanization in 98 percent of its large coal mines, and mastered the technology for producing oil and gas from coal. It has built a safe, reliable, and world-leading power grid which is the largest across the globe, with reliability of supply at the forefront of the world. A large number of new energy technologies, new businesses, and new models such as "Internet +" smart energy, energy storage, block chain, and integrated energy services are booming.

持续推进能源科技创新，能源技术水平不断提高，技术进步成为推动能源发展动力变革的基本力量。建立完备的水电、核电、风电、太阳能发电等清洁能源装备制造产业链，成功研发制造全球最大单机容量100万千瓦水电机组，具备最大单机容量达10兆瓦的全系列风电机组制造能力，不断刷新光伏电池转换效率世界纪录。建成若干应用先进三代技术的核电站，新一代核电、小型堆等多项核能利用技术取得明显突破。油气勘探开发技术能力持续提高，低渗原油及稠油高效开发、新一代复合化学驱等技术世界领先，页岩油气勘探开发技术和装备水平大幅提升，天然气水合物试采取得成功。发展煤炭绿色高效智能开采技术，大型煤矿采煤机械化程度达98%，掌握煤制油气产业化技术。建成规模最大、安全可靠、全球领先的电网，供电可靠性位居世界前列。“互联网+"智慧能源、储能、区块链、综合能源服务等一大批能源新技术、新模式、新业态正在蓬勃兴起。

4. Significant Progress in Eco-Environmental Friendliness of the Energy Sector

（四）能源与生态环境友好性明显改善

China sees green energy as an important measure to enhance eco-environmental progress, and resolutely fights pollution, especially air pollution. Its capabilities in clean coal mining and utilization have greatly improved, and significant results have been achieved in regulating coal mining subsidence areas and building green mines. It has amended the Law on Air Pollution Prevention and Control to strengthen the prevention and control of pollution from coal and other energy sources, and ensure that more environmentally friendly energy sources are used to replace coal in equal or reduced amount in newly-built, renovated, or expanded coal-consuming projects in key areas for air pollution control. The green development of the energy sector has significantly improved air quality, and the emissions of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and soot have dropped notably. Green development of the energy sector has played an important role in reducing carbon emissions. By 2019, carbon emission intensity in China had decreased by 48.1 percent compared with 2005, which exceeded the target of reducing carbon emission intensity by 40 to 45 percent between 2005 and 2020, reversing the trend of rapid carbon dioxide emission growth.

中国把推进能源绿色发展作为促进生态文明建设的重要举措，坚决打好污染防治攻坚战、打赢蓝天保卫战。煤炭清洁开采和利用水平大幅提升，采煤沉陷区治理、绿色矿山建设取得显著成效。落实修订后的《大气污染防治法》，加大燃煤和其他能源污染防治力度。推动国家大气污染防治重点区域内新建、改建、扩建用煤项目实施煤炭等量或减量替代。能源绿色发展显著推动空气质量改善，二氧化硫、氮氧化物和烟尘排放量大幅下降。能源绿色发展对碳排放强度下降起到重要作用，2019年碳排放强度比2005年下降48.1%，超过了2020年碳排放强度比2005年下降40%－45%的目标，扭转了二氧化碳排放快速增长的局面。

5. Continuous Improvement in the Energy Governance Mechanism

（五）能源治理机制持续完善

China is making every effort to ensure that the market plays a greater role in the energy sector. Now, in a better business environment and a more viable market, market entities and individuals enjoy more convenient services and find it easier to start businesses. Market access for foreign capital in the energy sector has been extended, private investment is growing, and investment entities have become more diverse. Policies on power generation and consumption plans have been relaxed in an orderly manner, trading institutions can operate independently and in accordance with regulations, and the power market has further developed. China has accelerated reforms such as the deregulation of the oil and gas exploration market and the circulation of mining rights, reform of the pipeline network operation mechanism, and the dynamic management of crude oil imports. It has improved the construction of oil and gas trading centers. China encourages the market to play a decisive role in determining energy prices. It has further relaxed control on the prices in competitive areas, and has preliminarily established a reasonable pricing mechanism for power transmission and distribution and oil and gas pipeline networks. It coordinates energy reform with law-based governance, and the legal framework regarding the energy sector has been improved. An energy governance mechanism covering strategies, plans, policies, standards, supervision, and services is in place.

全面提升能源领域市场化水平，营商环境不断优化，市场活力明显增强，市场主体和人民群众办事创业更加便利。进一步放宽能源领域外资市场准入，民间投资持续壮大，投资主体更加多元。发用电计划有序放开、交易机构独立规范运行、电力市场建设深入推进。加快推进油气勘查开采市场放开与矿业权流转、管网运营机制改革、原油进口动态管理等改革，完善油气交易中心建设。推进能源价格市场化，进一步放开竞争性环节价格，初步建立电力、油气网络环节科学定价制度。协同推进能源改革和法治建设，能源法律体系不断完善。覆盖战略、规划、政策、标准、监管、服务的能源治理机制基本形成。

6. Solid Benefits for People's Lives

（六）能源惠民利民成果丰硕

Ensuring public wellbeing and improving people's lives is China's fundamental goal in energy development. China is ensuring that urban and rural residents have access to basic energy supply and services, as a fundamental element in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects and supporting rural revitalization. From 2016 to 2019, the total investment in transforming and upgrading rural power grids reached RMB830 billion, and the average power outage time in rural areas was reduced to about 15 hours per year. The quality of power services for rural residents has improved significantly. From 2013 to 2015 China implemented an action plan to ensure access to electricity for every citizen, and completed this historic task by the end of 2015. It has implemented poverty alleviation projects based on solar PV power generation, and other energy-related poverty alleviation projects. China prioritizes poverty-stricken areas in planning energy development projects and has introduced energy projects for the benefit of the rural residents. This has promoted economic development in poverty-stricken areas and raised the incomes of the poor. It has improved the infrastructure for natural gas utilization, supplied natural gas to more areas, and improved its ability to ensure gas supply for people's daily life. Significant progress has been made in clean heating in northern China, with improvements in the energy use and living environment of urban and rural residents. As of the end of 2019, clean heating in northern China covered a floor space of 11.6 billion sq m, an increase of 5.1 billion sq m over 2016.

把保障和改善民生作为能源发展的根本出发点，保障城乡居民获得基本能源供应和服务，在全面建成小康社会和乡村振兴中发挥能源供应的基础保障作用。2016年至2019年，农网改造升级总投资达8300亿元，农村平均停电时间降低至15小时左右，农村居民用电条件明显改善。2013年至2015年，实施解决无电人口用电行动计划，2015年底完成全部人口都用上电的历史性任务。实施光伏扶贫工程等能源扶贫工程建设，优先在贫困地区进行能源开发项目布局，实施能源惠民工程，促进了贫困地区经济发展和贫困人口收入增加。完善天然气利用基础设施建设，扩大天然气供应区域，提高民生用气保障能力。北方地区清洁取暖取得明显进展，改善了城乡居民用能条件和居住环境。截至2019年底，北方地区清洁取暖面积达116亿平方米，比2016年增加51亿平方米。