2. Promoting Clean and Efficient Development and Utilization of Fossil Energy

（二）清洁高效开发利用化石能源

China coordinates the development and utilization of fossil energy and eco-environmental protection in accordance with its resource endowment and the bearing capacity of natural resources and the environment. It promotes advanced production capacity while phasing out outdated capacity. It also promotes the clean and efficient utilization of coal and the exploration and development of oil and gas, and works to increase reserves and production, so as to be more self-sufficient in oil and gas.

根据国内资源禀赋，以资源环境承载力为基础，统筹化石能源开发利用与生态环境保护，有序发展先进产能，加快淘汰落后产能，推进煤炭清洁高效利用，提升油气勘探开发力度，促进增储上产，提高油气自给能力。

Facilitating the safe, smart and green utilization of coal. China strives to build an intensive, safe, efficient and clean coal industry. It is furthering supply-side structural reform in the industry, improving the coal production capacity replacement policy, speeding up the decommissioning of outdated production facilities, and releasing high-quality capacity in an orderly manner. As a result, the configuration and production capacity of the coal mining sector have seen notable improvement, and large modern coalmines have become the mainstay. From 2016 to 2019, China cut more than 900 million tons of outdated coal production capacity per year on average. It has also increased input in production safety, and improved the mechanism to ensure workplace safety in the long run. Coalmines are becoming highly automated and intelligent by employing more machines and applying information technology, which also make them safer and more efficient. China promotes green mining at large coal bases and facilitates their green transformation by applying coal washing and processing technology, building a circular economy in mining areas and protecting the eco-environment. A number of green mines have been built with improved utilization of various resources in an all-round way. China has taken action to promote the clean and efficient utilization of coal, and increased the quota of coal consumption on power generation. Progress has also been made in coal-to-liquid (CTL) and coal-to-gas (CTG), the precision utilization of low-rank coals, and other industrialized demonstration projects of intensive coal processing.

推进煤炭安全智能绿色开发利用。努力建设集约、安全、高效、清洁的煤炭工业体系。推进煤炭供给侧结构性改革，完善煤炭产能置换政策，加快淘汰落后产能，有序释放优质产能，煤炭开发布局和产能结构大幅优化，大型现代化煤矿成为煤炭生产主体。2016年至2019年，累计退出煤炭落后产能9亿吨/年以上。加大安全生产投入，健全安全生产长效机制，加快煤矿机械化、自动化、信息化、智能化建设，全面提升煤矿安全生产效率和安全保障水平。推进大型煤炭基地绿色化开采和改造，发展煤炭洗选加工，发展矿区循环经济，加强矿区生态环境治理，建成一批绿色矿山，资源综合利用水平全面提升。实施煤炭清洁高效利用行动，煤炭消费中发电用途占比进一步提升。煤制油气、低阶煤分质利用等煤炭深加工产业化示范取得积极进展。

Promoting the clean and efficient development of thermal power. China has been optimizing coal-fired power and upgrading technology to steadily reduce excess capacity. It has improved the early warning mechanism for risk control in coal-fired power planning and construction, and moved faster to phase out outdated capacity. By the end of 2019, China had phased out more than 100 million kW of outdated coal power capacity, and the ratio of coal-fired power in total power generation had dropped from 65.7 percent in 2012 to 52 percent in 2019. China has taken action to upgrade coal-fired power plants to reduce emissions, and adopted stricter standards for energy efficiency and environmental protection. The efficiency and pollutants control levels of coal-fired power units are on par with world advanced levels. China has also begun to develop natural gas power where appropriate. It encourages adding peak-shaving natural gas power stations to power load centers to improve power security.

清洁高效发展火电。坚持清洁高效原则发展火电。推进煤电布局优化和技术升级，积极稳妥化解煤电过剩产能。建立并完善煤电规划建设风险预警机制，严控煤电规划建设，加快淘汰落后产能。截至2019年底，累计淘汰煤电落后产能超过1亿千瓦，煤电装机占总发电装机比重从2012年的65.7%下降至2019年的52%。实施煤电节能减排升级与改造行动，执行更严格能效环保标准。煤电机组发电效率、污染物排放控制达到世界先进水平。合理布局适度发展天然气发电，鼓励在电力负荷中心建设天然气调峰电站，提升电力系统安全保障水平。

Increasing the production of natural gas. In order to increase domestic natural gas supply, China has strengthened basic geological surveying and resource evaluation, and stepped up scientific and technological innovation and industrial support for conventional natural gas production. It is also making breakthroughs in unconventional natural gas exploration and development, such as shale gas and coal-bed gas, and is working on large-scale shale gas exploitation. It is improving relevant policies for the exploitation and utilization of unconventional natural gas. Focusing on the Sichuan, Ordos and Tarim basins, it has built a number of natural gas production bases with an output of more than 10 billion cu m. Since 2017, natural gas output has been increasing by more than 10 billion cu m per year.

提高天然气生产能力。加强基础地质调查和资源评价，加强科技创新、产业扶持，促进常规天然气增产，重点突破页岩气、煤层气等非常规天然气勘探开发，推动页岩气规模化开发，增加国内天然气供应。完善非常规天然气产业政策体系，促进页岩气、煤层气开发利用。以四川盆地、鄂尔多斯盆地、塔里木盆地为重点，建成多个百亿立方米级天然气生产基地。2017年以来，每年新增天然气产量超过100亿立方米。

Raising the level of oil exploration, development and processing. China has strengthened domestic oil exploration and development, furthering related institutional reforms and promoting scientific and technological R&D and the application of new technologies. It has intensified the exploration and development of low-grade resources, and increased crude oil reserves and production. It has developed advanced oil recovery technologies, increased the recovery ratio of crude oil, and ensured steady output at old oilfields in the east, including the Songliao and Bohai Bay basins. Focusing on the Xinjiang region and the Ordos Basin, it has increased the reserves and production of new oilfields in the west of the country. It has also strengthened offshore oil and gas exploration and development in the Bohai Sea, the East China Sea and the South China Sea, and are advancing deep-sea cooperation with other countries. The output of offshore oilfields was about 40 million tons in 2019. China is also transforming and upgrading its oil refining industry to produce better refined oil products and improved fuel quality, which will reduce exhaust gas pollution of vehicles.

提升石油勘探开发与加工水平。加强国内勘探开发，深化体制机制改革、促进科技研发和新技术应用，加大低品位资源勘探开发力度，推进原油增储上产。发展先进采油技术，提高原油采收率，稳定松辽盆地、渤海湾盆地等东部老油田产量。以新疆地区、鄂尔多斯盆地等为重点，推进西部新油田增储上产。加强渤海、东海和南海等海域近海油气勘探开发，推进深海对外合作，2019年海上油田产量约4000万吨。推进炼油行业转型升级。实施成品油质量升级，提升燃油品质，促进减少机动车尾气污染物排放。

3. Improving the Energy Storage, Transportation and Peak-Shaving System

（三）加强能源储运调峰体系建设

China coordinates the transportation of various energy resources such as coal, electricity, oil, and gas. It has built interconnected transmission and distribution networks and established a stable and reliable energy storage, transportation and peak-shaving system, to enhance its emergency response.

统筹发展煤电油气多种能源输运方式，构建互联互通输配网络，打造稳定可靠的储运调峰体系，提升应急保障能力。

Strengthening energy transmission and distribution networks. China has been building cross-provincial and cross-regional key energy transmission channels, to connect major energy producing and consumption regions, and promote the complementary and coordinated development between regions. It has improved the capacity of existing railway lines for transporting coal, and seen that more coal is transported by rail with higher efficiency. It has enhanced the connectivity between main natural gas pipelines and provincial pipelines, liquefied natural gas receiving terminals, and gas storages, and is building a unified national network. A natural gas transportation system that is flexible, safe and reliable has taken shape. China has steadily built trans-provincial and trans-regional power transmission channels, and expanded the scope of clean energy allocation in the northwest, north, northeast and southwest. It has improved the main framework of the regional power grid and strengthened internal grid building at the provincial level. It has also carried out flexible HVDC pilot projects, and is working on the Internet of Energy (IoE) and a multilevel power system that is safe, reliable, and of a reasonable size.

加强能源输配网络建设。持续加强跨省跨区骨干能源输送通道建设，提升能源主要产地与主要消费区域间通达能力，促进区域优势互补、协调发展。提升既有铁路煤炭运输专线的输送能力，持续提升铁路运输比例和煤炭运输效率。推进天然气主干管道与省级管网、液化天然气接收站、储气库间互联互通，加快建设“全国一张网”，初步形成调度灵活、安全可靠的天然气输运体系。稳步推进跨省跨区输电通道建设，扩大西北、华北、东北和西南等区域清洁能源配置范围。完善区域电网主网架，加强省级区域内部电网建设。开展柔性直流输电示范工程建设，积极建设能源互联网，推动构建规模合理、分层分区、安全可靠的电力系统。

Improving energy reserves for emergency response. China has integrated state, corporate, strategic and commercial reserves to achieve higher reserves for oil, natural gas and coal. It has improved the national oil reserve system and accelerated the construction of oil reserve bases. It has set up a multilevel natural gas storage and peak-shaving system, with local governments, gas suppliers, pipeline transportation enterprises and urban gas services fulfilling their respective responsibilities. It has also put in place a coal reserve system with enterprises playing the main part out of their social responsibility and local governments playing a supporting role. China has improved the national emergency mechanism for large-scale power outages, made power supply more reliable, and enhanced its emergency response. It has established a guarantee system for energy transmission and distribution that matches its energy reserve capacity, a standardized system for oil procurement, storage, replacement and use, and a supervisory mechanism for implementation.

健全能源储备应急体系。建立国家储备与企业储备相结合、战略储备与商业储备并举的能源储备体系，提高石油、天然气和煤炭等储备能力。完善国家石油储备体系，加快石油储备基地建设。建立健全地方政府、供气企业、管输企业、城镇燃气企业各负其责的多层次天然气储气调峰体系。完善以企业社会责任储备为主体、地方政府储备为补充的煤炭储备体系。健全国家大面积停电事件应急机制，全面提升电力供应可靠性和应急保障能力。建立健全与能源储备能力相匹配的输配保障体系，构建规范化的收储、轮换、动用体系，完善决策执行的监管机制。

Enhancing the energy peak-shaving system. China attaches equal importance to the supply side and the demand side. It strives to increase the peak-shaving capacity with sound market mechanism and strong technological support, so as to use the energy system in an efficient and all-round way. It has accelerated the construction of pumped-storage power stations, built natural gas peak-shaving power stations as appropriate, and implemented power flexibility transformation projects in existing coal-fired CHP cogeneration units and coal-fired power generating units, so as to improve the peak-shaving performance of the power system, and promote clean energy accommodation. It is optimizing energy storage, power generation from new energy sources and the operation of the power system, and carrying out electrochemical energy storage and other peak-shaving pilot projects. It has promoted the construction of facilities for natural gas storage and peak shaving, improved the market-oriented mechanism of auxiliary services, and enhanced the peak-shaving capacity of natural gas. China has also improved its policies on electricity and gas prices to guide power and natural gas users to participate in peak shaving and peak shifting, so as to enhance the response on the demand side. It has improved the system for interrupting or adjusting electricity and natural gas load to tap the demand-side potential.

完善能源调峰体系。坚持供给侧与需求侧并重，完善市场机制，加强技术支撑，增强调峰能力，提升能源系统综合利用效率。加快抽水蓄能电站建设，合理布局天然气调峰电站，实施既有燃煤热电联产机组、燃煤发电机组灵活性改造，改善电力系统调峰性能，促进清洁能源消纳。推动储能与新能源发电、电力系统协调优化运行，开展电化学储能等调峰试点。推进天然气储气调峰设施建设，完善天然气储气调峰辅助服务市场化机制，提升天然气调峰能力。完善电价、气价政策，引导电力、天然气用户自主参与调峰、错峰，提升需求侧响应能力。健全电力和天然气负荷可中断、可调节管理体系，挖掘需求侧潜力。